22

■Bio-mathematics, Statistics and Nano-Technologies: Mosquito Control Strategies

3.7.2.1

Measuring the efficacy of textile samples already treated

for arm test ............................................

31

3.7.2.2

Measuring the efficacy of textile samples treated with 2

types of micro spraying treatment before the test .......

32

3.7.2.3

Measuring the efficacy of textile samples already treated

for glove test (Figures 3.7 and 3.8) .....................

33

3.7.2.4

Evaluation of lotions of botanical-based repellents .....

33

3.7.3

Measuring the efficacy of repellent by use of olfactometer ..........

33

3.7.3.1

Measuring the efficacy of Ultrasound devices ..........

34

3.8

Discussion on lab test .....................................................

34

3.9

Results ....................................................................

36

3.10

Future perspective and outlook ............................................

37

3.11

Conclusion Note ..........................................................

38

3.1

INTRODUCTION

mosquitos are vectors of arboviruses affecting animals and human health (Moutailler

et al. 2019). Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases,

causing more than 700,000 deaths annually. Diseases such as malaria, Zika, chikungunya,

dengue fever, and West Nile fever are major health problems in the world that are trans-

mitted by Culicidae mosquitos (WHO 2017).

Every year, malaria alone, transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito, kills 400,000 people

(mainly children) and incapacitates another 200 million for days. Knowing where vector

species occur is crucial for the assessment of vector-borne disease risk (European Cen-

tre for Disease Prevention and Control and European Food Safety Authority, 2018). The

extensive outbreak of Chikungunya in the Indian Ocean between 2005 and 2006 and the

subsequent outbreak in the Emilia Romagna region of Italy in August 2007 prompts a

number of actions which must be carried out without delay in order to prevent any future

recurrence of outbreaks (Talbalaghi 2008).

Climate change and the movement of humans infected with vector borne diseases

across the world will increase the risk of new local transmission of diseases. The rapidity of

transport systems which facilitates the movement of goods and people from one part of the

globe to another also permits the introduction of varieties of exotic insects in every form:

eggs, larvae and winged forms into different territories (Talbalaghi 2012). Early surveil-

lance of mosquitos and the appropriate standard monitoring of adult mosquitos species is

a key step to be established in vector control. The main principle of mosquito research can

therefore be summarized in one question: “Where are the mosquitos coming from?” and

not, “Where are they are migrating to” (Talbalaghi 2008 ECDC Report). Within the strate-

gies for lowering the risk of transmission of disease vectored by mosquitos there is personal

protection. Personal protection involves protective clothing and use of repellents. Improper

use of repellents may limit the action of the repellent if the repellent does not last long and